Some electrical properties of thin films of polypropylene formed by vacuum evaporation

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.The electrical properties of films of metal-polypropylene-metal structures with polypropylene thicknesses in the range 600 - 2600Å were studied for possible use as thin dielectric films and some standard and reproducible results of electrical measurements were obtained. As a consequence of using different electrode materials, systematic differences in the behaviour of these films were found, even though the voltage-current characteristics remained ohmic. In these measurements there was evidence of electron trapping and the trap depth was estimated by using the thermally-stimulated current techniques, and was found equal to 0.33 eV. Thin films of evaporated polypropylene having thicknesses less than 1000Å, showed electroforming effects and electron emission into vacuum under suitable conditions. The results were found to be consistent with a theory based on the generation of conducting filaments during the forming process. The increase in the a.c. conductivity of the sample after electroforming also indicated the presence of filaments in the formed device. Another useful application of the a.c. measurements was to identify the hopping conduction both at low and at room temperatures. A linear decrease in the capacitance of the device with increasing frequency was observed and was associated with the growing leakage current. A vacuum heat treatment of the films at 110°C led to an increase in resistivity. The transmission electron diffraction patterns of several evaporated layers of polypropylene having thicknesses between 150 to 1600Å certainly indicated the amorphous structure of these films. However, the examination by electron microscopy and by electron diffraction showed an aggregation of particulate material of more crystalline nature as a result of the heat treatment but the connecting chains were broken and dispersed as a result of the same treatment. Some observations on the general character of evaporated polymers are made.Ministry of Education of Pakistan Governmen

Prognostic modelling in IBD

In the ideal world prognostication or predicting disease course in any chronic condition would allow the clinician to anticipate disease behaviour, providing crucial information for the patient and data regarding best use of resources. Prognostication also allows an understanding of likely response to treatment and the risk of adverse effects of a treatment leading to withdrawal in any individual patient. Therefore, the ability to predict outcomes from the onset of disease is the key step to developing precision personalised medicine, which is the design of medical care to optimise efficiency or therapeutic benefit based on careful profiling of patients. An important corollary is to prevent unnecessary healthcare costs. This paper outlines currently available predictors of disease outcome in IBD and looks to the future which will involve the use of artificial intelligence to interrogate big data derived from various important 'omes' to tease out a more holistic approach to IBD.</p

"Lynching in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of its History, Causes, and Solutions in Light of Islamic Principles"

Lynching in Pakistan has become a pervasive issue in recent years, with reports of mob violence and extrajudicial killings occurring across the country. This article critically analyzes the history, causes, and solutions to this phenomenon in light of Islamic principles. The roots of lynching in Pakistan can be traced back to a combination of historical, cultural, social, and economic factors that have created a culture of violence and impunity. Factors such as poverty, illiteracy, political instability, and sectarianism have all contributed to the rise of lynching incidents in the country. Despite its prevalence, lynching is strictly prohibited in Islam, which upholds the sanctity of human life and emphasizes the importance of justice and due process. Therefore, this article argues that a comprehensive solution to the problem of lynching in Pakistan must be rooted in Islamic principles and values. This can involve strengthening Islamic education and preaching the true message of Islam, as well as promoting interfaith harmony, tolerance, and respect for human rights. Moreover, the role of the judiciary is crucial in addressing and preventing lynching incidents in Pakistan. The article discusses the legal and policy measures that can be taken to prevent and punish lynching, including effective investigation, prosecution, and punishment of perpetrators. The article also explores the potential role of civil society organizations, media, and international actors in raising awareness and advocating for the protection of human rights. In conclusion, the problem of lynching in Pakistan is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive solution based on Islamic principles and values, as well as legal and policy measures that promote justice, accountability, and respect for human rights. Keywords: Lynching, Pakistan, Islam, Judiciary

A Study on the Land Reforms Laws: Bangladesh in Context

Land reform is a long-standing issue in Bangladesh, but a solution is elusive. Land reform is a widely-recognized social, political and economic objective in Bangladesh, and the Land Reforms Ordinance, 1984 was promulgated as the very first law that paved way for the reformation of lands. The word ‘land’ includes not only the face of the earth, but also everything under or over it, and has an indefinite extent upward or downward. Non-agricultural land means land used for purposes not connected with agriculture or horticulture, and does not include a homestead, land originally leased for agricultural or horticultural purposes but not used for that purpose. Land is scarce and population dense in Bangladesh, making it difficult to maximize agricultural production. Efforts to regulate tenancy rights and tackle subdivision and fragmentation of land holdings are ineffective, as they do not include measures to improve land management and crop yields. This paper will draw attention to that land reform is an imperative for Bangladesh to reduce the disparity and non-equity that exists among the people, further aggravating the survival of land and agriculture dependent masses. Keywords: Land Ceiling, Benami Transaction, Borga Cultivation, Bargadars’ Rights. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/132-02 Publication date:May 31st 202

Relationship between Narcissism and Selfie Posting Behavior; Mediating Role of Loneliness and Self-esteem among Adolescents

Narcissism is characterized by an abnormally high sense of self-importance that leads to different mental health issues. The current study was aimed at observing the mediating role of loneliness and self-esteem between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior among adolescents. To examine the psychometric properties of scales, a sample of 300 students was collected and further divided into two groups of male (n = 193) and female (n = 107) participants by using a convenient sampling strategy. The age range of participants was from 18 to 35 years old. Urdu-translated versions of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory by Raskin and Hall (1988), the Selfitis Scale by Amna Amjad (2017), the UCLA Loneliness Scale by Russell, Peplau, and Cutrona (1980), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg (1965) were used to analyze the constructs of this study. The findings of the current study show a significant relationship between variables such as narcissism that is positively correlated with selfie-posting behavior, loneliness, and self-esteem. Regression analysis revealed that narcissism significantly predicts selfie-posting behavior. Mediation analysis shows the significant mediation of loneliness between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior. Mediation results are non-significant in the case of self-esteem. The implications of the current study suggest the need for interventions to deal with loneliness and alleviate the potentially detrimental effects of narcissism on the behaviors associated with selfie posting. These interventions may encourage healthy online behaviors among adolescents by encouraging social bonds and lowering loneliness. Further limitations of the study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided

Design and Analysis of a Stand-Alone PV System for a Rural House in Pakistan

In this paper, thermal modeling of a typical rural house in Pakistan has been done using BEopt, to determine the hourly load profile. Using the load data, the design of a stand-alone PV system has been completed using HOMER Pro. The designed system consists of a 5.8 kW PV with eight batteries of 12 V, 255 Ah, and a 1.4 kW inverter. The system analyses show that such system can support mainly lighting and appliance load in a rural house. The dynamic model of the designed system has been simulated in MATLAB-Simulink. Perturbation and observation-based algorithm has been used for maximum power extraction from PV. Simulation results indicate that the system can provide a stable voltage and frequency for the domestic load. The method and analysis presented here can be used for the PV system design for other parts of the world

Comparative Analysis Of Cloud Computing Security Issues

Almost all the organizations are seriously thinking to adopt the cloud computingservices, seeing its benefits in terms of cost, accessibility, availability, flexibility andhighly automated process of updation. Cloud Computing enhance the current capabilitiesdynamically without further investment. Cloud Computing is a band of resources, applicationsand services. In cloud computing customer’s access IT related services in terms of infrastructure platform and software without getting knowledge of underlying technologies. With the executionof cloud computing, organizations have strong concerns about the security of their data.Organizations are hesitating to take initiatives in the deployment of their businesses due to data security problem. This paper gives an overview of cloud computing and analysis of security issues in cloud computing